Image credits

The botanical plates on the herb pages are scans of nineteenth-century works in the public domain, held on Wikimedia Commons. The photographs are used under the licenses their authors chose: the Pexels and Unsplash licenses, or Creative Commons. Product photographs come from the brands’ own pages, as noted on each product page. Charts are drawn by SuppleGut.

Botanical plates and plant photographs

Image	Work or subject	Author	License	Source
Agastache	Photograph	Dalgial	CC BY-SA 3.0	Wikimedia Commons
Ajwain	Jacquin, Hortus Botanicus Vindobonensis (Wellcome Collection; plate as Sison ammi, a synonym of Trachyspermum ammi)	Franz Anton von Scheidl (engraver), for N. J. Jacquin	CC BY 4.0	Wikimedia Commons
Aloe vera	Plantarum historia succulentarum (de Candolle)	Pierre-Joseph Redouté	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Amla	Illustrations of the Forest Flora of North-West and Central India (Brandis)	Dietrich Brandis (ed.)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Amomum (sha ren)	Photograph	Daderot	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Angelica	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Franz Eugen Köhler, with Wilhelm Brandt, M. Gürke, G. Pabst, G. Schellenberg, Max Vogtherr (as credited on the Commons file)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Anise	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Franz Eugen Köhler, with Wilhelm Brandt, M. Gürke, G. Pabst, G. Schellenberg, Max Vogtherr (as credited on the Commons file)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Artichoke	Album of botanical watercolours (Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues)	Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Asafoetida	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Franz Eugen Köhler (ed.); plate artists as in Köhler	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Ashwagandha	Flora Graeca (Sibthorp and Smith)	Ferdinand Bauer for John Sibthorp and James Edward Smith	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Astragalus	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Franz Eugen Köhler (ed.)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Atractylodes	Photograph of dried bai zhu slices	Fumikas Sagisavas	CC0	Wikimedia Commons
Aucklandia (costus root)	Photograph	Vinayaraj	CC BY-SA 4.0	Wikimedia Commons
Bael	Flora Sylvatica for Southern India (Beddome)	Govindoo (artist), for R. H. Beddome	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Barley sprout (mai ya)	Thomé's Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz	Otto Wilhelm Thomé (illustrations by Walter Müller)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Berberine	Thomé's Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz	Otto Wilhelm Thomé (illustrations by Walter Müller)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Bibhitaki	Flora Sylvatica for Southern India (Beddome)	Govindoo (artist), for R. H. Beddome	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Bitter candytuft	Flora Batava (Jan Kops et al.)	Jan Kops (ed.)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Bitter orange	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Hermann Adolf Köhler (1834-1879), Köhler plate	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Black pepper	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Franz Eugen Köhler, with Wilhelm Brandt, M. Gürke, G. Pabst, G. Schellenberg, Max Vogtherr (as credited on the Commons file)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Black walnut	The North American Sylva (Michaux)	François André Michaux (text); plate artists per file page	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Brahmi	Photograph of the living plant	Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz	CC BY-SA 4.0	Wikimedia Commons
Bupleurum	English Botany (Sowerby)	James Sowerby	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Burdock	Medical Botany (Woodville, Hooker et al., 1832 edition)	W. Woodville, W. J. Hooker, J. Sowerby, G. Spratt	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Caraway	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte (Medicinal Plants)	Franz Eugen Köhler (with Brandt, Gürke, Pabst, Schellenberg, Vogtherr)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Cardamom	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte (Medicinal Plants)	Franz Eugen Köhler (with Brandt, Gürke, Pabst, Schellenberg, Vogtherr)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Cascara sagrada	The Silva of North America, vol. II (Tab. LXIII, Rhamnus Purshiana D.C.)	Charles Sprague Sargent; drawn by Charles Edward Faxon	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Cat's claw	Florae Columbiae terrarumque adjacentium specimina selecta (Plate CLXXX)	Hermann Karsten; Ferdinand Duemmler; Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Schmidt	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Chamomile	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte (Medicinal Plants)	Franz Eugen Köhler	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Chicory root	Prof. Dr. Thomés Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz	Otto Wilhelm Thomé	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Chinese yam	Photograph of the living plant	Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz	CC BY-SA 4.0	Wikimedia Commons
Cinnamon	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte (Medicinal Plants)	Franz Eugen Köhler (with Brandt, Gürke, Pabst, Schellenberg, Vogtherr)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Clove	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte (Medicinal Plants)	Franz Eugen Köhler (with Brandt, Gürke, Pabst, Schellenberg, Vogtherr)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Codonopsis	Photograph, dried dang shen root (Commons)	Fumikas Sagisavas	CC0	Wikimedia Commons
Coix	Flora de Filipinas, 3rd ed. (Blanco, plate 1.188)	Francisco Manuel Blanco	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Coptis	Indian Medicinal Plants (Plate 6)	Kanhoba Ranchoddas Kirtikar and Baman Das Basu	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Coriander	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte (Medicinal Plants)	Franz Eugen Köhler (with Brandt, Gürke, Pabst, Schellenberg, Vogtherr)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Cumin	Flora medica, oder Abbildung der wichtigsten officinellen Pflanzen (Pl. 123)	David Nathanael Friedrich Dietrich	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Dandelion	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte (Medicinal Plants)	Walther Otto Müller (Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Dang gui (Chinese angelica)	Kompendium (illustrated Chinese materia medica compendium, Angelica sinensis entry)	Chu Chong Xiong	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Evodia (wu zhu yu)	Flora Japonica (Rutaceae plate 21)	Philipp Franz von Siebold and Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Fennel	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte (Medicinal Plants)	Franz Eugen Köhler	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Flaxseed	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte (Medicinal Plants)	Franz Eugen Köhler (with Brandt, Gürke, Pabst, Schellenberg, Vogtherr)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Garlic	Medicinal Plants (Bentley and Trimen)	Robert Bentley and Henry Trimen	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Gentian	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte (Medicinal Plants)	Franz Eugen Köhler	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Ginger	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte (Medicinal Plants)	Franz Eugen Köhler	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Ginseng	Wellcome Collection, plate from Pierre-Joseph Buc'hoz (materia medica), 'Gin fen, ou Ginchen'	Pierre-Joseph Buc'hoz (Wellcome Collection)	CC BY 4.0	Wikimedia Commons
Goldenseal	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen in naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte (Medicinal Plants)	Franz Eugen Köhler (with Brandt, Gürke, Pabst, Schellenberg, Vogtherr)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Guduchi	Indian Medicinal Plants, Plate 35 (Kirtikar and Basu)	Kanhoba Ranchoddas Kirtikar and Baman Das Basu	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Haritaki	Flora Sylvatica for Southern India (Beddome)	Govindoo (plant artist for R. H. Beddome)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Hawthorn	Thome, Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz	Otto Wilhelm Thome (Walter Mueller, plates)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Hibiscus	Flore pittoresque et medicale des Antilles (Descourtilz)	Michel Etienne Descourtilz	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Jujube	Flora Sylvatica for Southern India (Beddome)	Govindoo (plant artist for R. H. Beddome)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Kutki	Illustrations of the Botany of the Himalayan Mountains, Pl. 71 (Royle)	John Forbes Royle	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Lemon balm	Koehler's Medizinal-Pflanzen, Plate 65	Franz Eugen Koehler (publisher); Koehler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Licorice	Koehler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Franz Eugen Koehler (publisher); Koehler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Long pepper	Photograph of dried long pepper spikes (Piper longum)	Miansari66	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Lotus seed	Curtis's Botanical Magazine, vol. 23	William Curtis (Curtis's Botanical Magazine)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Magnolia bark	Photograph of leaves and flower, Wroclaw University Botanical Garden	Agnieszka Kwiecień, Nova	CC BY-SA 4.0	Wikimedia Commons
Marshmallow root	Koehler's Medizinal-Pflanzen, Plate 42	Franz Eugen Koehler (publisher); Koehler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Massa fermentata (shen qu)	Koehler's Medizinal-Pflanzen, Plate 87	Franz Eugen Koehler (publisher); Koehler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Mastic gum	Koehler's Medizinal-Pflanzen, Plate 130	Franz Eugen Koehler (publisher); Koehler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Milk thistle	Thome, Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz	Otto Wilhelm Thome (Walter Mueller, plates)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Musta	De Plantis Aegypti (Prospero Alpino), 1735 edition	Prospero Alpino	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Neem	Flora Sylvatica for Southern India (Beddome)	Govindoo (plant artist for R. H. Beddome)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Olive leaf	Koehler's Medizinal-Pflanzen, Plate 109	Franz Eugen Koehler (publisher); Koehler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Orange peel	Citrus deliciosa plate (Tenore and Pasquale, Naples)	Michele Tenore and Giuseppe Antonio Pasquale	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Oregano	Thome, Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich und der Schweiz	Otto Wilhelm Thome (Walter Mueller, plates)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Papaya	Koehler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Franz Eugen Koehler (publisher); Koehler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Pau d'arco	Photograph of cut lapacho inner bark on white	soultea.de / Andre Helbig	CC BY-SA 3.0	Wikimedia Commons
Peppermint	Koehler's Medizinal-Pflanzen, Plate 67	Franz Eugen Koehler (publisher); Koehler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Perilla	Les plantes a feuillage colore, Plate XXXIX (Howard and Lowe)	W. Howard; E. J. Lowe	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Pinellia	Photograph of the living plant (Enzo^, 2010)	Enzo^	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Poria	Photograph of the sclerotium (tuckahoe, fu ling), uploaded to English Wikipedia	Trappem at English Wikipedia	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Psyllium	Hortus Romanus juxta systema Tournefortianum (Martelli/Sabbati, NYPL scan)	Nicolaus Martellius and Liberatus Sabbati (Hortus Romanus)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Pu-erh tea	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Franz Eugen Köhler et al.	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Quassia	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Franz Eugen Köhler et al.	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Radish seed (lai fu zi)	Le Monde végétal (Flammarion), sketches of plants by Gaston Bonnier	Gaston Bonnier	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Rhubarb root	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Franz Eugen Köhler et al.	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Schisandra	Flore des serres et des jardins de l'Europe, vol. 15	Louis van Houtte	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Senna	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Franz Eugen Köhler et al.	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Shatavari	Photograph of the living plant (Forestowlet, 2014)	Forestowlet	CC0	Wikimedia Commons
Slippery elm	The North American Sylva	François André Michaux (book author)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Spearmint	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Franz Eugen Köhler et al.	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Trikatu	Photograph of leaves and fruit spikes (Myrmux, 2018)	Myrmux	CC BY-SA 4.0	Wikimedia Commons
Triphala	The Flora Sylvatica for Southern India, vol. 1	Govindoo (plate artist), R. H. Beddome (author)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Tulsi	Flora de Filipinas, gran edición, Atlas II	Francisco Manuel Blanco	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Turmeric	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Franz Eugen Köhler et al.	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Vidanga	Photograph of the living plant (Vinayaraj, 2013)	Vinayaraj	CC BY-SA 3.0	Wikimedia Commons
White peony	Curtis's Botanical Magazine, vol. 42, t. 1756 (as P. albiflora)	Sims (Curtis's Botanical Magazine)	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Wormwood	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Franz Eugen Köhler	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Yarrow	Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen	Franz Eugen Köhler	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons
Yellow dock	American Medicinal Plants of Commercial Importance	Charles Frederick Millspaugh	Public domain	Wikimedia Commons

Photographs on guides and section pages

Image	Work or subject	Author	License	Source
A wooden bowl of oats with a milk jug on a rustic table.	A wooden bowl of oats with a milk jug on a rustic table.	Victoria Bowers	Pexels License	pexels
Glass jars of dried herbs on a wooden kitchen shelf.	Glass jars of dried herbs on a wooden kitchen shelf.	Claudio Olivares Medina	Pexels License	pexels
Hands stirring turmeric powder into a glass of liquid on a marble table.	Hands stirring turmeric powder into a glass of liquid on a marble table.	Ksenia Chernaya	Pexels License	pexels
A floral ceramic teapot and cup with jars of herbs on a wooden shelf.	A floral ceramic teapot and cup with jars of herbs on a wooden shelf.	nhavantuonglai	Pexels License	pexels
Pills in a weekly pill organizer.	Pills in a weekly pill organizer.	Pavel Danilyuk	Pexels License	pexels
A row of mason jars filled with assorted fermented vegetables against a red wall.	A row of mason jars filled with assorted fermented vegetables against a red wall.	Beatrice B	Pexels License	pexels
Spices in bowls with cinnamon sticks on a wooden surface.	Spices in bowls with cinnamon sticks on a wooden surface.	Joel Camelot	Pexels License	pexels
A wooden drawer cabinet with Chinese characters in Taipei.	A wooden drawer cabinet with Chinese characters in Taipei.	Sunny Li	Pexels License	pexels
A plate of roast beef dinner with roast potatoes and vegetables.	A plate of roast beef dinner with roast potatoes and vegetables.	Acabashi	CC BY-SA 4.0	Wikimedia Commons
A bedside table with a lamp and a glass of water, pillows beside it.	A bedside table with a lamp and a glass of water, pillows beside it.	cottonbro studio	Pexels License	pexels

Photographs in the pet section

Image	Work or subject	Author	License	Source
A brown dog sleeping on a patterned cushion on a sunlit sofa indoors.	A brown dog sleeping on a patterned cushion on a sunlit sofa indoors.	Enrique	Pexels License	pexels
A black and white cat lounging in a soft bed in warm sunlight.	A black and white cat lounging in a soft bed in warm sunlight.	Jelena Kazak	Pexels License	pexels
A small dog eating from a dish indoors.	A small dog eating from a dish indoors.	MART PRODUCTION	Pexels License	pexels
A tabby cat sitting beside a tray of bowls on the floor.	A tabby cat sitting beside a tray of bowls on the floor.	Vasilissa Popil	Pexels License	pexels
A brown dog on a lead with a forest and lake behind it on a sunny day.	A brown dog on a lead with a forest and lake behind it on a sunny day.	Artem Makarov	Pexels License	pexels
An orange cat sitting by a window looking out, with a book nearby.	An orange cat sitting by a window looking out, with a book nearby.	Ánh Đặng	Pexels License	pexels
An older dog resting on a patterned rug.	An older dog resting on a patterned rug.	Hakan Mercan	Pexels License	pexels
A golden retriever puppy relaxing on a blanket indoors by a window.	A golden retriever puppy relaxing on a blanket indoors by a window.	Josh Hild	Pexels License	pexels